Salad seeds that went on a round trip to outer space and back grew at a slightly slower rate than their Earth-bound counterparts, scientists have found.
A million rocket seeds (Eruca sativa) amounting to 2kg were sent to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2015 in a project supported by British astronaut Tim Peake.
When they returned to Earth six months later, 600,000 children across the UK took part in an experiment organised by the Royal Horticultural Society to grow and monitor these seeds.
Although spaceflight did not compromise seed viability and development of the seedlings, the researchers said the “germination vigour” of the seeds was reduced.
They believe their findings, published recently in the journal Life, take scientists a step closer to knowing whether edible crops can be cultivated on long space missions.
Discover more about growing crops in space:
- Space lettuce - tastes awesome, and now confirmed safe and nutritious too
- How to grow food in space: the Antarctic base preparing for human space colonies
- Why the first plant grown on the Moon is a significant milestone in space exploration
Dr Jake Chandler, of the Royal Holloway’s department of biological sciences in London and lead author on the paper, said: “Transporting high-quality seeds to space and beyond will be crucial for growing plants that support human exploration of space, Mars and other worlds.
“Our study found that a six-month journey to space reduced the vigour of rocket seeds compared to those that stayed on Earth, indicating that spaceflight accelerated the ageing process.”
The researchers say that to maintain the quality of dormant seeds during spaceflights, they need to be protected from the harmful effects of cosmic radiation and mechanical vibrations of the spacecraft.
While aboard the ISS, the absorbed radiation dose of the seeds was found to be 100 times greater compared to the Earth’s surface.
The researchers believe the radiation exposure during Mars missions would be at least five times greater than that of the ISS.
But despite these challenges, the experts say growing crops on long space missions could be achievable if the seeds are sufficiently protected.
Read more about Tim Peake's space mission:
- Major Tim Peake plants trees grown from space-faring seeds
- Weird, wonderful and downright dull tasks Tim Peake did in space
- Tim Peake - Down to Earth
Dr Chandler said: “Thus, while we should carefully consider protecting seeds from potentially harmful factors including space radiation and mechanical vibration, the seeds remained alive, and the prospect of eating home-grown salad on Mars may be one small step closer.”
Major Peake, added: “In one of the largest and most inspirational experiments of its kind, more than half a million young people collected reliable data to help the scientists at Royal Holloway investigate the effects of spaceflight on rocket seeds.
“When humans travel to Mars, they will need to find ways to feed themselves, and this research helps us understand some of the biology of seed storage and germination which will be vital for future space missions.”
Reader Q&A: How do seeds know which way to grow?
Asked by: Eileen Kennedy, Abingdon
All plants can sense the direction of the gravitational field and orientate themselves accordingly. This is called geotaxis. In mature plants, phototaxis (growing towards the light source) overrides the gravitational impulse for the stalk and leaves, but the roots – and the seed while it is underground – rely on gravity for orientation.
The mechanism is thought to be based on either the protoplasm (the living substance inside a cell) exerting a greater pressure on the cell walls at the bottom, or starch grains within the cells settling at the bottom. One or both of these cues influence the production of plant growth hormones that cause the plant to ‘steer’ as it grows.
Read more:
