What is ’Oumuamua?
’Oumuamua means ‘messenger from faraway’ or ‘a scout that arrived first’, in Hawaiian. It’s the first object ever discovered in the Solar System that comes from outer space. We can tell that because it’s moving too fast to be bound to the Sun gravitationally.
What’s so unusual about it?
It appears to have an extreme shape that’s five to 10 times longer than it is wide, based on the reflected sunlight. If it’s a perfect reflector, it’s at least 20 metres in size; if not, then it’s hundreds of metres in length. So it doesn’t look like any asteroid we’ve ever seen.
It also deviates from the orbit that we’d expect based on the Sun’s gravity, and that’s due to some extra force acting on it. For comets, such a force would be provided by the evaporation of ice on the surface. But there’s no cometary tail around the object and, moreover, you would expect a significant fraction of its mass to be evaporated to give it the boost that’s needed. Plus, it rotates every eight hours – its rotation period would have changed if it was propelled by the rocket effect from cometary evaporation.
How did the object reach us?
In our paper, we basically explain the extra push that it has based on sunlight pushing it – the radiation pressure. Just as a sail boat moves forward due to the reflection of air from the wind, so light exerts a force when it’s reflected off a surface. So we’re suggesting maybe it’s a light sail, because I couldn’t imagine making a thin structure just naturally in the interstellar medium or a protoplanetary disc [dust and gas that goes on to form planets]. If anyone else has a better explanation, then they should put it forward.
Could it really be an alien probe?
Yeah, that’s one possibility, that it may be of artificial origin. It could be some defunct technological equipment, it could be on a reconnaissance mission. We [humans] are now developing light sail technology and it’s possible that another civilisation out there has already mastered this technology.
People are contemplating a mission to chase down this object and take a photograph by flyby, but it moves faster than chemical rockets, so we need to develop technology that’s more capable. A simpler approach would be to look for other objects of the same type.
Will ’Oumuamua change astronomy?
I think it opens a new frontier for research. The traditional way to search for extraterrestrial intelligence is by looking for signals. This is just another way, looking for space debris, searching the sky for objects that may be artefacts of other civilisations. The mere discovery of this object is a surprise, because you need 1015 or a thousand trillion objects ejected by every star in the Milky Way galaxy in order for us to have seen one at random.
A decade ago, I predicted there shouldn’t be any observed with existing surveys. Within a few years, there will be a new survey by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope that will be much more sensitive.
Follow Science Focus onTwitter,Facebook, Instagramand Flipboard