Chaos theory is a branch of physicsthatdescribes the evolution of processesthataredependent on initial conditions. Some processes,which at first glance appear to be random,can in fact be based on underlying patterns and interdependencies.
The classic example of a chaotic system is termed the ‘butterfly effect’, first highlighted by mathematician and meteorologist Edward Lorenz. Lorenz envisaged the apparent chaos of a tornado being dependent on a butterfly flapping its wings several weeks prior to the storm. Almost negligible changes in initial conditions can have dramatic and unpredictable effects on the evolution of a chaotic system.
There are several areas of astronomythatbenefit from an understanding of chaos theory. The obvious one is the gravitational interaction of celestial bodies. Such a system is chaotic,and atinyerror in the positions or velocities of the celestial bodies, or the introduction of small perturbations, means the system is unpredictable in the long term.
Weather and climate here on Earth are good examples of chaotic systems. Similarly, features such as the Great Red Spot on Jupiter are also chaotic. Although scientists have a good grasp of fluid dynamics and the forcesthatresult in thismassivestorm system, its formation and evolution cannot be predicted from these principles.
Most of the processes going on in theUniverse are essentially chaotic. The acceleration of charged particles, the creation of cosmic rays, the structure of magnetic fields, nuclear reactions within stars, chemical reactions in interstellar space, and many more phenomena,are all critically dependent on initial conditions. Ultimately, it would be fair to say theUniverse itself is chaotic and therefore unpredictable.
Read more:
- Evolution is most certainly a theory, but certainly not “just” a theory
- The Universe is a hologram: Stephen Hawking’s final theory, explained by his closest collaborator
- The theory of (nearly) everything
Asked by: Paul McPherson, Glasgow
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